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It is believed that the J2 haplogroup appeared somewhere in the Middle East towards the end of the last glaciation, between 15,000 and 22,000 years ago. The earliest J2 individual known to date is from Kotias Klde, Georgia, and dates from about 11,700 years ago (Jones et al. (2015)), confirming that the J2 haplogroup was already present around the Caucasus during The Mesolithic period.
Its current geographical distribution advocates a Neolithic expansion from the Fertile Crescent. This expansion is probably correlated with the spread of domesticated cattle and goats (from about 9000 to 8000 BCE in the Zagros Mountains and northern Mesopotamia), rather than with the development of " Cereal agriculture in the Levant (which seems to have been associated with haplogroups G2 and E1b1b). A second expansion of J2 occurred with the advent of metallurgy, including copper work (from the Lower Danube Valley, Central Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia) and the emergence of several Of the oldest civilizations.
Many ancient Mediterranean and Middle Eastern civilizations have flourished in regions where the J2 lines are predominant today. This is the case of the Hattis, the Hurrites, the Etruscans, the Minoans, the Greeks, the Phoenicians (and their descendants the Carthaginians), the Israelites, and to a lesser degree also the Romans, Assyrians and Persians. All the great civilizations of navigators from the Middle Bronze Age to the Iron Age were dominated by J2 men.
It is a distinct association between the ancient J2 civilizations and the cult of the bull. The earliest evidence of bull cult dates back to Neolithic Central Anatolia, especially at the sites of Çatalhöyük and Alaca Höyük. Representations of bulls are omnipresent in the Minoan frescoes and ceramics of Crete. Terracotta figurines bearing bull masks and bull-horned stone altars have been found in Cyprus (dating back to the Neolithic, the first presumed extension of J2 in the Middle East). The Hattis, Sumerians, Babylonians, Canaaites and Carthaginians all had bovine divinities (contrary to Indo-European or Far Eastern religions). The sacred bull of Hinduism, Nandi, present in all temples dedicated to Shiva or Parvati, has not an Indo-European origin, but dates back to the Indus Valley civilization. Minoan Crete, Hittite Anatolia, Levant, Bactria and the Indus Valley also share a tradition of bull jumping, the ritual of dodging the burden of a bull. It survives today in the traditional bullfighting of Andalusia and Castile, as well as in Provence, regions with a high percentage of J2 lines compared to the average of their respective countries.
Geographical distribution
Geographic distribution of the J2 haplogroup in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East
Geographic distribution of the J2 haplogroup in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East
The highest percentage of J2 in the world is found in Ingushetia (88% of the paternal lineages) and Chechens (56%) in the North Caucasus. Both belong to the Nakh ethnic group, who have occupied this territory since at least 3000 BCE. Their language is related to the Dagestan languages, but to no other linguistic group. However, the Daghestanese people
Many ancient Mediterranean and Middle Eastern civilizations have flourished in regions where the J2 lines are predominant today. This is the case of the Hattis, the Hurrites, the Etruscans, the Minoans, the Greeks, the Phoenicians (and their descendants the Carthaginians), the Israelites, and to a lesser degree also the Romans, Assyrians and Persians. All the great civilizations of navigators from the Middle Bronze Age to the Iron Age were dominated by J2 men.
It is a distinct association between the ancient J2 civilizations and the cult of the bull. The earliest evidence of bull cult dates back to Neolithic Central Anatolia, especially at the sites of Çatalhöyük and Alaca Höyük. Representations of bulls are omnipresent in the Minoan frescoes and ceramics of Crete. Terracotta figurines bearing bull masks and bull-horned stone altars have been found in Cyprus (dating back to the Neolithic, the first presumed extension of J2 in the Middle East). The Hattis, Sumerians, Babylonians, Canaaites and Carthaginians all had bovine divinities (contrary to Indo-European or Far Eastern religions). The sacred bull of Hinduism, Nandi, present in all temples dedicated to Shiva or Parvati, has not an Indo-European origin, but dates back to the Indus Valley civilization. Minoan Crete, Hittite Anatolia, Levant, Bactria and the Indus Valley also share a tradition of bull jumping, the ritual of dodging the burden of a bull. It survives today in the traditional bullfighting of Andalusia and Castile, as well as in Provence, regions with a high percentage of J2 lines compared to the average of their respective countries.
Geographical distribution
Geographic distribution of the J2 haplogroup in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East
Geographic distribution of the J2 haplogroup in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East
The highest percentage of J2 in the world is found in Ingushetia (88% of the paternal lineages) and Chechens (56%) in the North Caucasus. Both belong to the Nakh ethnic group, who have occupied this territory since at least 3000 BCE. Their language is related to the Dagestan languages, but to no other linguistic group. However, the Daghestanese people